Scottish Marine Animal Strandings Scheme

Scottish Marine Animal Strandings Scheme Scottish Marine Animal Strandings Scheme (SMASS)

The Scottish Marine Animal Stranding Scheme is operated by the University of Glasgow with the purpose of collating and investigating reports of stranded marine animals around the coastline of Scotland. Where suitable we also undertake post mortem (or necropsy) examinations on suitable cases to try to uncover the cause of death. Post mortem examinations provide a unique insight into diseases, envir

onmental contaminant levels, reproductive patterns, diet and other aspects of the general health of populations. This information can provide essential baseline data to help detect any future outbreaks of disease, unusual mortality events, anthropogenic stressors or responses to climate change.

🌊🐋 PhD Opportunity: 🐋🌊Three weeks left if you are interested in applying for our North West Bio DTP (fully funded) PhD l...
16/12/2024

🌊🐋 PhD Opportunity: 🐋🌊
Three weeks left if you are interested in applying for our North West Bio DTP (fully funded) PhD looking to answer vital questions about the prevalence and epidemiology of viral pathogens in Scotland’s marine mammal populations:
https://www.gla.ac.uk/postgraduate/doctoraltraining/northwestbio/projects/animalbiology/marinemammalhealthandviraldiseasedynamicsinachangingocean/

Get in touch if interested...

🔎 What’s this PhD all about?

• Develop and use advanced diagnostic tools to detect viral pathogens that threaten marine mammal health.
• Access the globally recognized SMASS archive—30+ years of marine mammal samples.
• Answer vital questions about the prevalence and epidemiology of viral pathogens in Scotland’s marine mammal population

🌟 Why apply?
• Work in a state-of-the-art diagnostic lab with links to wildlife and livestock disease surveillance.
• Gain experience working closely with the SMASS team investigating marine mammal mortalities across Scotland.
• Learn from leading experts in marine biology, disease investigation, and diagnostic innovation.
💡 What’s in it for you?
• Make a significant impact by advancing our understanding of disease ecology and the health of marine mammal populations
• Benefit from exceptional mentorship and training and access to novel research opportunities through UofG School of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine, Moredun Research Institute and SMASS's extensive network of collaborators and colleagues.
• A launchpad for careers in diagnostics, disease ecology, marine conservation or global health.

13/12/2024

🐾 Turn your beach walks into a tool for conservation with Beachtrack! 🌊✨

Beachtrack lets you record your entire walk while contributing to vital research. Whether you’re strolling along the sand or combing the shore:
📍 Log your route to show where you’ve walked
🦭 Spot a stranded animal? Report it directly through the app to support stranding response and research.
🌊 See marine litter? Add it to the map to guide targeted cleanups.

By recording your walks, you’re helping us track the effort that goes into monitoring our coastlines. Knowing where people are walking—and where they aren’t—gives us a clearer picture of what’s happening (or not happening) along the shore. This is essential for identifying stranding patterns, and ensuring resources like cleanups and research are directed to the right places.

📲 Ready to make every step count? Download the Beachtrack app and lets protect our seas, together.

https://www.beachtrack.org/

🐳🐬 Marine Forum 2025: Join Us in Edinburgh! 🐳🐬We’re back and excited to announce that the Marine Forum 2025 will take pl...
06/12/2024

🐳🐬 Marine Forum 2025: Join Us in Edinburgh! 🐳🐬

We’re back and excited to announce that the Marine Forum 2025 will take place at the National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, on the 1st of March 2025!

Organised by WDC Scottish Dolphin Centre and SMASS, this annual knowledge-sharing event celebrates the remarkable science and efforts of those dedicated to protecting our oceans.

This year’s theme, "Sea Change” will focus on the evidence and action we need to drive meaningful progress for protecting our oceans

🌊 Reserve your spot now: Eventbrite Link.
https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/wdc-smass-marine-forum-2025-tickets-1034023892297?aff=oddtdtcreator

Can’t join us in person? We’ll be live-streaming the event again too! Tickets for the virtual experience will be available in the new year—stay tuned!

A day of talks & workshops focusing on citizen science data collected from across Scotland to aid the protection of the marine environment.

We are very sad to hear of Jan's passing at the weekend. She worked tirelessly to help seals and otters on Shetland. Jan...
19/11/2024

We are very sad to hear of Jan's passing at the weekend. She worked tirelessly to help seals and otters on Shetland. Jan and Pete were keen supporters of SMASS and we have run several courses at Hillswick Wildlife Sanctuary.
She will be greatly missed by us all at SMASS.
We send our deepest condolences to Pete and the family.

A great soul left this earth plane at the weekend.

On Sunday evening, 17 November 2024, Jan Bevington, died after a long struggle with illness. Jan was best known as the founder of Hillswick Wildlife Sanctuary which she created after finding a common seal pup on the beach outside her home almost 40 years ago and which soon earned her the title “Selkiewife”.

Jan was born in post-war Preston, England, in September 1947. She arrived in Shetland aged just 23 having spent three years living in the USA during the turbulent late ‘60s where she was deeply influenced by the hippie revolution and the peace movement, famously attending the decade’s two most well-known music festivals, Woodstock and Altamont.

She moved to Shetland in 1971 after working as a social worker in the north of England following her return from the USA, and landed a job at the St Magnus Bay Hotel in Hillswick.

There she met and married Tony Morgan with whom she bore three children, Gavin, Amy and Holly, and in 1976 the couple purchased the former knitwear factory at The Booth, where Shetland’s oldest pub was still operational.

In their hands, the pub became a huge success during the oil era serving the vast number of construction workers who descended on the islands, alongside the local clientele.

The couple separated in 1982 when Jan took over the reins of the pub as a single mother with three young children. Under her energetic stewardship The Booth became legendary for its music nights and fancy dress events, which are still talked about to this day.

Jan had always been a great lover of wildlife and nature, and when she came across a premature seal pup being washed up on the beach in Hillswick after a busy night in the pub in May 1987, she realised her true purpose in life had found her.

Rumour spread about what she was doing and by the end of that summer she was caring for seven seal pups…and the rest is history.

Initially her efforts to rescue seals attracted a mixed reception, with some members of the islands’ traditional fishing community regarding seals as a threat to their livelihoods and frowning on her new found vocation.

But Jan persisted and soon found herself on board the Wildlife Response Coordinating Committee (WRCC), which managed the islands’ oil spill response plan on behalf of the council and the locally based oil industry.

There she met and became friendly with the famous Shetland naturalist Bobby Tulloch who persuaded her to take over his role looking after otters. Having sat through an entire committee meeting, he approached her to pop the question. When she agreed, he plucked a sleeping otter cub from under his jumper and placed it under hers, adding a new role for the growing sanctuary.

Initially Jan only had her children’s paddling pool to work with and kept the seals in an old cooperage with half a roof, and no electricity or running water. Her pleas for financial help went unheeded until the Braer oil spill in January 1993, when the terminal operator BP told her: “Our purses are open”.

During the disaster response Jan found herself the centre of worldwide media attention, and accommodating more than 350 volunteers, as well as 600 members of the world’s press who descended on The Booth wanting to capture images of stricken seals and otters.

On the eve of the oil spill Jan had been ready to close The Booth as the pub was on the verge of bankruptcy. However the emergency allowed her to improve the animal care facilities with help from the council and the oil industry, and brought in enough donations from around the world for her to convert the pub into a vegetarian café, which she operated with volunteers, serving meals in return for donations to the sanctuary.

Da Böd Café became a roaring success after a slow start and operated until 2009 when Jan decided she had had enough of spending her summers serving the public and wanted to spend more time outdoors.

In the year of the Braer disaster, Jan met local journalist Pete Bevington, who had just returned to Shetland after spending two years in Australia. Having decided she never wanted anything to do with another journalist after her experience during the oil spill, it was ironic that the two should fall in love and they married in 1996.

The couple worked closely together running the sanctuary and the café with volunteers arriving to help every summer from all corners of the world, while Pete worked with the Shetland News website to provide the couple with a regular income.

In 2014 Jan travelled to the House of Lords in London to receive a lifetime achievement award from the International Fund for Animal Welfare, which drew more media attention that thoroughly embarrassed her.

That same year the WRCC offered to provide financial assistance to improve the animal care facilities and after several years of negotiations, they raised more than £450,000 from the oil industry, the local council, the European LEADER Fund and the wildlife charity World Animal Protection to secure the sanctuary’s future.

The couple also ran a successful fundraising campaign that continues to support the sanctuary with donations from kind and generous people in Shetland, the UK mainland and around the world.

Construction finally began in the winter of 2020, but within weeks of work starting Jan became ill and ended up in hospital with heart problems. She never fully recovered her health and last year was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease. Despite a huge effort to keep going, she finally passed away on Sunday night at home in the arms of her beloved husband.

Jan’s devotion to wildlife and her deep integrity to her belief in the importance of nurturing nature in all its forms had a profound influence on the many people who came into contact with her. She kept her dream of a fully functional wildlife sanctuary alive until it became a reality, and was saddened that she herself was not able to enjoy the fruits of her efforts.

However her dream of creating a wildlife community has flowered with help arriving from near and far to ensure Hillswick Wildlife Sanctuary has a long term future and her legacy is secured.

Two more grim examples of the ongoing issue of marine entanglements were reported to the SMASS team last week.  The firs...
08/10/2024

Two more grim examples of the ongoing issue of marine entanglements were reported to the SMASS team last week. The first was a 9.60m long female humpback whale which washed ashore in Granton, Edinburgh with skin abrasions highly consistent with rope entanglements. A week later and 100 miles north, a 5.75m long female minke whale washed ashore in Johnshaven on the Aberdeenshire coast. Due to issues with access and disposal, we weren’t able to do a full necropsy on either case, however thanks to the help of SMASS volunteers, we have tissue samples, measurements and detailed images of both animals and are confident that entanglement was the most likely cause of death.

Both of these were sub-adult animals in moderate body condition, suggesting they had been successfully feeding prior to becoming entangled. The humpback whale had bruising and abrasions across the throat pleats and around the pectoral fin consistent with some sort of rope. The minke whale had much more obvious signs of entanglement, with a deep encircling laceration around the tailstock and twin linear lesions on the underside of the fluke consistent with a rope which was under tension and had dug so far into the into the tissue it had almost amputated the fluke, most likely whilst the animal was still alive. As we often find, neither whale stranded with any material remaining attached, meaning it is not possible to say if this was active fishing gear, marine debris or rope from a non- marine source, but there were similarities with the injuries we've seen caused by creel rope in previous cases. This also highlights the significant welfare and conservation issues caused by entanglement in floating rope around Scotland.

Entanglement is the most commonly diagnosed cause of death in both minke and humpback whales in Scottish waters and these two cases take the total number of entanglement reports received by SMASS this year to twelve (other species reported entangled this year include grey seals and basking sharks). Past studies have estimated that up to 95% of cases go unreported however, so the true figure is likely much higher. Cetacean and shark entanglement is a growing concern globally, but SMASS are taking positive steps towards reducing this threat in our inshore waters as a partner in the Scottish Entanglement Alliance (SEA) who are Disentangling a Whale of a Problem. SEA is working closely with the fishing industry to better understand the scale and impacts of entanglement, and to trial practical mitigation measures to protect both our marine wildlife and our small-scale fisheries. Read more about SEA’s recent successful sinking line trial here - scottishentanglement.org/downloads/sinking-rope-a-win-win-for-cetaceans-and-fishermen/

Special thanks to Georg Hantke from the NMS, and Christoph Gade and Roma Banga from our trained volunteer network, for their help in documenting and sampling these cases on behalf of SMASS.

This evening some members of the SMASS team are giving an online talk for the Orkney Nature Festival Orkney Nature Festi...
17/05/2024

This evening some members of the SMASS team are giving an online talk for the Orkney Nature Festival Orkney Nature Festival 2024 - tickets are free but registration is required via the link below 👇

The Scottish Marine Animal Stranding Scheme (SMASS) aims to provide a systematic and coordinated approach to the surveillance o...

Only a couple of days till our & Whale and Dolphin Conservation Shorewatch' Marine Forum event - which will be held in E...
20/02/2024

Only a couple of days till our & Whale and Dolphin Conservation Shorewatch' Marine Forum event - which will be held in Elgin this Saturday the 24th February.

We are SOLD OUT - but you don't have to miss out! The morning talks and afternoon panel session will be streamed live online (programme below) and you can sign up here:
https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/online-wdcsmass-marine-forum-tickets-811499064547

Quite an interesting case for our first stranding of 2024- a young female killer whale found floating in Hoy sound which...
05/01/2024

Quite an interesting case for our first stranding of 2024- a young female killer whale found floating in Hoy sound which, with help from some amazing folk on Orkney, was shipped to us for necropsy yesterday.

Post-mortem examination revealed an animal in good nutritional condition with no evidence of bycatch or entanglement. Internal examination was slightly hampered by autolysis, but several pathological features were still identifiable. Bruising, oedema around the head and submandibular tissues and mild lung asymmetry indicated agonal live stranding- ie the animal had died on shore. The strandings was likely due to illness from a chronic-active peritonitis, characterized by extensive fibrin tags and intestinal adhesions. Some sections of the intestine displayed serous oedema and regions of structural weakness, suggesting perforation or intestinal leakage. Scant intestinal contents were observed, with only a single seal claw found in the stomach. The absence of fur, otoliths, or other ingesta suggested it was still sucking and maternally dependent. A long-standing umbilical hernia in the abdominal muscles raised the possibility of trauma or a chronic ascending umbilical infection (navel-ill) as the original cause of the peritoneal infection.

There were indications of more generalised sepsis, with serosal oedema in the lungs and heart, fibrin tags in the left atrium, and a toxic appearance in several organs. The brain was congested, particularly in the sulci which appeared oedematous and elevated volumes of haemorrhagic cerebrospinal fluid were noted in the cerebral ventricles, possibly indicative of a systemic bacteraemia or neurobrucellosis.

Ongoing bacteriology and histopathology investigations seek to confirm the role of chronic peritonitis, possibly recently exacerbated leading to a more systemic bacteremia/toxicosis. The investigation will also explore the persistent organic pollutant burden, given the known impact of elevated PCB burdens on young killer whales, especially those with a diet of marine mammals.

Many thanks are due to those who helped recover this case, not least Robbie Stanger who found and towed the animal to shore, Orkney BDMLR medics, Emma Neave-Webb, Tom Hadley and Stromness RNLI who did a phenomenal job in wrapping, transporting and arranging shipping of the body and for Northwards who agreed to take such an unconventional package down to Inverness.

⚡💥We are BACK with the Marine Forum💥⚡ The Marine Forum will be held at the UHI Moray in Elgin, on the 24th February 2024...
12/12/2023

⚡💥We are BACK with the Marine Forum💥⚡

The Marine Forum will be held at the UHI Moray in Elgin, on the 24th February 2024.

the Marine Forum is WDC and SMASS’s annual knowledge exchange event, aiming to highlight the amazing science and effort of individuals and groups who are working to protect our oceans. This year we are embracing complexity with a diverse range of speakers from all walks of the marine sphere for what is sure to be another amazing day. Follow the link below to sea-cure your spot! 🐳🐬🦭🌊

We will also be live streaming the event again this year - tickets for that will be made available separately via a different link, in the new year!

Share Knowledge, Take Action, Sea Change

10/08/2023

This short film shows a glimpse into some of the work undertaken by SMASS following the mass stranding of 55 pilot whales on the Isle of Lewis.

In the early hours of July 16th, 2023, the UK’s largest fatal mass stranding for decades, comprising 55 long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) occurred on the Traigh Mhor beach, Tolsta, Isle of Lewis. The group consisted of several pregnant females and maternally dependent calves. Pilot whales are an offshore dolphin species known to form large pods with strong intergenerational bonds and social cohesion. Basically, where one goes, many can follow.

Volunteers from BDMLR Scotland - Public , HM Coastguard - Western Isles, Skye and Lochaber , the local community, and the SMASS team raced to the beach but despite dedicated efforts, only one animal was successfully refloated whilst the rest of the group sadly died or had to be euthanized on welfare grounds.

However, this is just the beginning of the story. What follows is the painstaking scientific process to find out exactly why these animals stranded. Working on a mass stranding of this magnitude involves a huge team effort, especially as it’s a race against time to access each animal before decomposition sets in.

The SMASS team alongside a group of trained volunteers, and colleagues from other stranding schemes - including the English Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme- UK strandings and Dutch Utrecht University stranding networks - methodically measured, sampled and took extensive photos of each animal. From there, as many whales as possible underwent a full necropsy.

The purpose herewas not just to look for a a cause of death but also to answer wider questions about health, ecology and human impact of these important but otherwise difficult-to-monitor species. It is these insights that aid researchers in improving the understanding of the threats and pressures faced by these sentinel species in Scottish waters.

This short film by George Hoagy Morris provides a glimpse into the gruelling work involved in the aftermath of the mass stranding. Though it may be a difficult video to watch, this work is vital in learning more about the species and how we can reduce pressures on living populations. It may have been a tragic ending for this pod, but it is the hope that these findings can be of benefit to the species as a whole. The more we understand them, the better we can protect them.

🔥🔥HOT OFF THE PRESS🔥🔥Thrilled to announce a new paper just published in Frontiers in Marine Science. Lead by Tessa Plint...
15/06/2023

🔥🔥HOT OFF THE PRESS🔥🔥

Thrilled to announce a new paper just published in Frontiers in Marine Science. Lead by Tessa Plint, PhD candidate Heriot-Watt University , this research characterises interspecific isotopic niche and niche overlap among six delphinid species, using skin stable isotope composition (δ13C and δ15N) from stranded individuals.

The paper is freely accessible here:
https://shorturl.at/jkpE9

While six species were analysed, the main focus of the paper was to compare dietary overlap and thus competition between warm water adapted to cold water adapted species. Over the past three decades, short-beaked common and striped dolphins have expanded their ranges northward and become increasingly abundant in British waters. Meanwhile, cold-water adapted dolphins (white-beaked and Atlantic white-sided) abundance trends are decreasing, with evidence of the distribution of white-beaked dolphins shifting from southern to northern British waters. This mobility increases the likelihood of interspecific dietary overlap for prey among dolphin species previously separated by latitude and thermal gradients. – however, the degree of dietary overlap and plasticity among these species in the Northeast Atlantic was unknown. This research explores the core isotopic niche, dietary plasticity, and degree of overlap between six dolphin species co-occurring in Scottish waters.

Dolphins are mobile apex marine predators. Over the past three decades, warm-water adapted dolphin species (short-beaked common and striped) have expanded their ranges northward and become increasingly abundant in British waters. Meanwhile, cold-water adapted dolphins (white-beaked and Atlantic whit...

This evening Nick & Mariel will be giving an online talk for the Orkney Nature Festival! They will give a brief overview...
17/05/2023

This evening Nick & Mariel will be giving an online talk for the Orkney Nature Festival! They will give a brief overview of what SMASS does with a focus on the Orkney islands - if you fancy joining us please find details in the link below! :D

Join the Scottish Marine Animal Stranding Scheme team via Zoom on Wednesday 17 May to hear about their work. They will give a brief overview of the research they undertake and what they hope to learn. The team will then talk about the fin whale that many of you may remember that stranded on Burray in 2021. The team will outline the findings from the necropsy of this animal as well as explaining how they gather their data and work with local organisations such as BDMLR Orkney and OMMRI teams.

Follow the link for more information http://www.orkneycommunities.co.uk/ORKNEYNATUREFESTIVAL/index.asp?pageid=731506

12/05/2023

There has been a spate of fatal entanglements reported to SMASS this past few weeks- here’s some striking drone footage from Tracks Ecology and the University of Aberdeen of one of the necropsies we did on a humpback whale entanglement washed into Loch Fleet earlier this month. This juvenile female humpback whale was first sighted on the 3rd of May, but as it was on sandbanks we couldn’t get to examine it until the following day, by which time much of the internal structures were quite decomposed. This and the lack of lifting gear meant the necropsy examination was limited. Nevertheless, we are confident the cause of death was drowning due to entanglement, and based on the lesion pattern, most likely in rope around 12mm in diameter.

No rope remained attached to the carcase- only abrasions and bruising where the rope had dug into the skin remained. The extent of these lesions suggested the animal had struggled to get free for several hours before running out of energy and drowning- there was around 100 litres of fluid around the lungs, likely aspirated seawater. This young animal was otherwise in very good body condition and had been feeding well but not recently.

This was also not the first time the animal had been entangled- there was evidence of old, healed entanglement scars on the tail and tailstock entanglement where lengths of rope which had dug into the tailstock and abraded twin linear lesions on the underside of the tail fluke. Somehow, the animal had become free and the wounds had had time to heal, this time sadly it was not so lucky.

As with many of the entanglement cases reported to SMASS, carcases wash up without any material attached;- it seems they are cut out at sea and only tend to wash up when there is an onshore wind. Although we can’t be 100% positive about the origin of the rope which entangled this animal, the patten would be highly consistent with creel rope.

Humpback entanglements reported to SMASS are rare- fewer than 20 cases over the past decade- but, of those we were able to examine, entanglement was the cause of death in every single one of them.

Recent work undertaken by the SEA collaboration (https://www.scottishentanglement.org/) estimated that around 95% of entanglements go unreported. There is also a real concern that mortality due to entanglement is having a significant impact on the populations of humpback whales in Scottish waters. This paper is worth a read:https://www.int-res.com/articles/esr2022/49/n049p217.pdf

To reiterate the point made in the paper- Scottish creel fishers have shown a willingness to engage in entanglement mitigation, and there are options being explored to limit the harms caused to marine mammals, for example, the introduction of sinking groundline to the creel sector. The entanglements we’ve had recently have been attributed to both creel fishing and other fishing activities, so it is clear work on this wider picture is urgently needed.

New article by PhD student Marc Gose on the genetics of the Atlantic white-sided dolphin.
12/04/2023

New article by PhD student Marc Gose on the genetics of the Atlantic white-sided dolphin.

Abstract. Understanding the extent of population genetic connectivity in highly mobile marine species is vital for delineating management units. However, obtain

Dr Sebnem Susam-Saraeva joined us for last year's   and is hosting a *free* hybrid event in which she explores dolphin a...
21/02/2023

Dr Sebnem Susam-Saraeva joined us for last year's and is hosting a *free* hybrid event in which she explores dolphin and whale communication in arts and music, and how these can contribute to the outreach of contemporary research in marine biology and bioacoustics, as well as marine conservation efforts

The event will take place in-person at Trinity College Dublin, but you can register to attend online as well. Tickets in the link below⬇️

Towards a New Ethics of Translation and Representation

Huge thank you to Hebridean Whale and Dolphin Trust and the amazing community around Uisken Bay and Bunessan, who pulled...
16/02/2023

Huge thank you to Hebridean Whale and Dolphin Trust and the amazing community around Uisken Bay and Bunessan, who pulled together to recover a stranded common dolphin so we can examine it at post mortem!

🐋 The team at HWDT are trained Scottish Marine Animal Stranding Scheme (SMASS) volunteers.

📈 SMASS collate, analyse and report on the whales, dolphins, seals, marine turtles and basking sharks that strand on the Scottish coastline.

💙 We would like to thank the amazing community around Uisken Bay and Bunessan, who pulled together yesterday to help our team recover a stranded common dolphin so SMASS can collect it for further investigation.

If you ever find a dead stranded whale, dolphin, porpoise or shark report it to https://strandings.org/report/

Find out more here: https://hwdt.org/news/2022/8/26/dead-whales-tell-tales

©Charley Streather

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School Of Biodiversity, One Health & Veterinary Medicine
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